O odontólogo frente aos cuidados paliativos na oncologia / The dental surgeon facing palliative care in oncology: a literature review / El odontólogo ante los cuidados paliativos en oncología

Cuidados paliativos são um conjunto de procedimentos ofertados ao paciente por uma equipe multidisciplinar com objetivo de garantir bem-estar, autonomia,conforto e alívio de sintomas decorrentes de doença ou tratamento quando a cura é impossibilitada. O câncer representa uma das doenças que possuem chances de evoluir o paciente ao estágio terminal, momento em que cuidados paliativos são indicados e necessários. Dentro da equipe responsável, o cirurgião-dentista atua na prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento de lesões expressas no sistema estomatognático que se manifestam estimuladas pelo câncer ou pelos tratamentos utilizados. O objetivo desta pesquisa é destacar a função do odontólogo dentro da equipe multidisciplinar paliativista para pacientes oncológicos. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica sistemáticada literatura. Foram feitas buscas nas plataformas Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram selecionados 14 artigos. A literatura evidencia que alterações orais estão relacionadas com o curso da neoplasia ou seu tratamento; as lesões mais descritas foram: mucosite, xerostomia, candidíase, cárie, periodontite e osteorradionecrose. Isso faz com que o paciente sofra limitações em realizar atividades básicas, alterando negativamente a sua qualidade de vida. A complexidade da manifestação oral pode interromper o tratamento antineoplásico. As medidas de enfrentamento mais empregadas para a saúde bucal do paciente oncológico são a laserterapia, bochechos com clorexidina 0,12%, instrução de higiene oral, uso de anti-inflamatórios, analgésicos e antifúngicos. A atuação do odontólogo na equipe multidisciplinar oncológica paliativista é indispensável para o controle das manifestações orais.

Palliative care comprises a set of procedures offered by a multidisciplinary team to patients who cannot be cured, aiming to restore and ensure well-being, autonomy, independence, comfort and relief from symptoms resulting from illness or treatments. Cancer commonly leads the patient to the terminal stage, and at this stage palliative care is indicated and necessary. Composing the multidisciplinary team, the dentist works in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of injuries that arise in the stomatognathic system, which manifest themselves due to cancer or its treatments. The objective of this research was to highlight the work of the dentist in the multidisciplinary team of palliative care for cancer patients. This is a systematic bibliographic review of the literature, with an integrative character. Study searches were performed in the Virtual Health Library (VHL) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 articles were selected. Results showed that oral alterations are completely related to the development of the neoplasm or its treatment; the most described lesions were: mucositis, xerostomia, candidiasis, osteoradionecrosis, radiation caries and periodontitis. These injuries make the patient suffer limitations to perform basic activities, such as eating or communicating, negatively altering their quality of life. The complexity of the oral manifestation can determine the interruption of the anticancer treatment. The most used coping measures for the oral healthof cancer patients are: low- potency laser therapy, mouthwash with 0.12% chlorhexidine, instructionin oral hygiene and use of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antifungal drugs. The role of dentists in the multidisciplinary palliative oncology team is essential for the control of oral lesions.

Los cuidados paliativos son un conjunto de procedimientos ofrecidos al paciente por un equipo multidisciplinar con el objetivo de garantizar el bienestar, la autonomía, el confort y el alivio de los síntomas derivados de la enfermedad o del tratamiento cuando la curación es imposible. El cáncer representa una de las enfermedades que tienen posibilidades de evolucionar al paciente hasta la fase terminal, momento en el que los cuidados paliativos son indicados y necesarios. Dentro del equipo responsable, el cirujano dentista actúa en la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las lesiones expresadas en el sistema estomatognático que se manifiestan estimuladas por el cáncer o por los tratamientos utilizados. El objetivo de esta investigación es destacar la función del odontólogo dentro del equipo paliativo multidisciplinar para pacientes oncológicos. Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica sistemática. Se realizaron búsquedas en las plataformas Virtual Health Library (BVS) y Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) y tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron 14 artículos. La literatura muestra que las alteraciones orales están relacionadas con el curso del cáncer o su tratamiento; las lesiones más comúnmente descritas fueron: mucositis, xerostomía, candidiasis, caries, periodontitis y osteorradionecrosis. Esto hace que el paciente sufra limitaciones para realizar actividades básicas, alterando negativamente su calidad de vida. La complejidad de la manifestación oral puede interrumpir el tratamiento antineoplásico. Las medidas de afrontamiento más utilizadas para la salud bucodental de los pacientes con cáncer son la terapia láser, los enjuagues bucales con clorhexidina al 0,12%, las instrucciones de higiene bucodental y el uso de fármacos antiinflamatorios, analgésicos y antifúngicos. La actuación del odontólogo en el equipo multidisciplinar de oncología paliativa es fundamental para el control de las manifestaciones orales.

Atención odontológica de pacientes oncológicos desde la perspectiva de actores institucionales en Cali, Colombia, 2019 / Dental care in cancer patients from the perspective of institutional actors in Cali, Colombia 2019

Objetivo: caracterizar la atención odontológica de los pacientes oncológicos desde la perspectiva de diferentes actores institucionales en Cali, durante el año 2019. Méto-dos: estudio de tipo cualitativo, descriptivo que empleó la entrevista semiestructurada como herramienta de recolección de datos. Las preguntas de la entrevista incluyeron las siguientes categorías: atención, acceso, integralidad, limitaciones, fortalezas y reco-mendaciones. Participaron quince actores institucionales relacionados con la atención del paciente con cáncer. Además, se realizó una revisión documental en las Institucio-nes Prestadoras de Servicios de Salud. Las preguntas. Resultados: los hallazgos signifi-cativos con los que se cuentan son: la identificación de la ausencia de guías de atención odontológica para los pacientes con cáncer, la presencia de barreras personales, eco-nómicas, organizacionales, sociales y culturales en el acceso al servicio y la no inclusión del profesional de odontología en las rutas de atención de cáncer en el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Como limitaciones se identificaron el fraccionamiento del servicio y la priorización de la patología de base; mientras que como fortaleza principal se reconoce la capacidad instalada. Así, las recomendaciones, dirigidas a los diferentes sectores, procuran por el establecimiento de guías de atención, una mayor articulación entre entidades y la visibilización de la problemática. Conclusión: aunque la ciudad tie-ne suficiente capacidad instalada, los entrevistados manifestaron que no cuentan con una directriz desde el ente rector, por lo tanto, se evidencian barreras en la atención odontológica. Asimismo, se determina la falta de articulación entre las diferentes insti-tuciones que impide el cumplimiento de la atención integral y equitativa.

Objective: To characterize dental care in cancer patients from the perspective of different health institutional actors in Santiago de Cali, Colombia, 2019. Methods: This is a qualitative, descriptive study. Semi structured interviews were used as a research technique, oriented to fifteen institutional health actors who play a role in cancer care in Cali, Colombia. The questions included the following six axial categories: oral care in cancer patients, access, comprehensive care, restrictions, strengths, and suggestions for improvement from the institutional actors. A textual transcription was done after the interviews. Results: There are no Guides of oral care in cancer patients from the Ministry of health and social protection. Access to oral care service has personal, economical, organizational, social, and cultural barriers. Cancer care routes from de Ministry of Health do not include dentists as part of the multidisciplinary teams. Restrictions such as fragmentation of the service and prioritization of the primary pathology were described. Installed capacity for oral health services was mentioned as a strength; and the main recommendations were to establish Guides for oral care, better coordination between health entities and highlighting the lack of oral care in cancer patients. Conclusions: Even though Cali has a sufficient installed capacity, the interviewees stated that they don ́t have a guideline from the Ministry of Health and therefore evident barriers in oral care in cancer patients are found. Lack of articulation between Health entities prevents compliance of a comprehensive and equitable care. Recommendations to different sectors were made by respondents in order to improve dental care in cancer patients.

Tratamento de um mastocitoma de alto grau na língua de um cão por meio de radioterapia e quimioterapia: relato de caso / Treatment of a canine high grade lingual mast cell tumor with radiation therapy and chemotherapy: case report

Um canino da raça Boxer, fêmea, de oito anos de idade, foi atendido com salivação, halitose e disfagia. No exame clínico, foi observada uma massa ulcerada no terço médio da língua medindo 3,5 x 4,0cm. A histopatologia e a imuno-histoquímica levaram ao diagnóstico de um mastocitoma de alto grau. O tratamento cirúrgico (glossectomia parcial) foi declinado pelo proprietário, sendo a radioterapia indicada em seu lugar. O protocolo radioterápico empregado foi 15 frações de 300cGy, realizadas cinco vezes por semana. O equipamento utilizado foi de ortovoltagem. A lesão neoplásica apresentou remissão clínica completa a partir da quarta sessão radioterápica. O único efeito colateral observado foi mucosite leve na região irradiada, que, entretanto, não levou a sintomas clínicos. A quimioterapia sistêmica consistiu de vimblastina e lomustina, alternadas a cada 14 dias, durante quatro meses. Até o momento (22 meses após o tratamento), não há evidências de recidiva local ou metástases do mastocitoma. A associação da radioterapia e da quimioterapia pode ser considerada uma alternativa terapêutica nos casos de mastocitomas irressecáveis, já que, neste caso, levou à remissão completa e duradoura de um tumor agressivo, com ótima tolerância do paciente ao tratamento e posterior qualidade de vida.(AU)

An 8 year old female boxer was presented with salivation, halitosis and dysphagia. In the clinical examination, an ulcerated mass in the middle third of the tongue was observed, measuring 3.5 x 4.0cm. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry the confirmed diagnosis of a high-grade mast cell tumor. Surgical treatment (partial glossectomy) was declined by owner, and radiotherapy was indicated. The protocol consisted of fifteen daily fractions of 300 cGy each. The equipment used was an orthovoltage unit. The tumor had complete clinical remission after the fourth session, and mild mucositis was the only side effect observed. Systemic chemotherapy was performed with vinblastine and lomustine, alternated every 14 days, during four months. There is no evidence of local recurrence or metastasis in this patient twenty-two months after treatment. The combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy can be considered as an alternative therapy in cases of unresectable mast cell tumors. It led to complete and durable remission of an aggressive tumor, with great quality of life.(AU)

Delayed postoperative radiation therapy in local control of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of the mouth / Retardo da radioterapia pós-operatória no controle local do carcinoma epidermoide de língua e soalho de boca

Objective To evaluate the effect of time between surgery and postoperative radiation therapy on local recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of the mouth. Methods A total of 154 patients treated between 1996 and 2007 were selected considering local recurrence rate and time of the adjuvant radiotherapy. Results Local recurrence was diagnosed in 54 (35%) patients. Radiation therapy reduced the rate of local recurrences, although with no statistical significance. The time between surgery and initiation of postoperative radiotherapy did not significantly influence the risk of local recurrence in patients referred to adjuvant treatment (p=0.49). Conclusion In the presence of risk factors for local recurrence, a short delay in starting the adjuvant radiation therapy does not contraindicate its performance. .

Objetivo Avaliar o efeito do tempo entre o tratamento cirúrgico e a radioterapia pós-operatória nas recidivas locais do carcinoma epidermoide de língua e soalho da boca. Métodos Foram selecionados 154 pacientes tratados entre 1996 e 2007, considerando a frequência das recidivas locais e o tempo para início da radioterapia adjuvante. Resultados As recidivas locais foram diagnosticadas em 54 (35%) pacientes. A radioterapia reduziu a frequência de recidivas locais, embora sem significância estatística. O tempo entre a cirurgia e o início da radioterapia pós-operatória não influenciaram, de forma significante, no risco de recidivas locais entre o pacientes que tinham indicação de tratamento adjuvante (p=0,49). Conclusão Na presença de fatores de risco para recidiva local, um pequeno atraso no início da radioterapia adjuvante não contra-indica sua realização. .

Post-operative Morbidities Associated with Oral Cavity Carcinoma: A Retrospective Review.

Oral carcinomas have been one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity. Tobacco chewing and cigarette smoking being the most common etiological factors management of these oral cavity cancers must take into account many factors; T1 lesions can be effectively removed using surgical removal, laser destruction or radiation therapy, while hallmark for intermediate stage oral cavity cancers is combined surgical resection with reconstruction and post-operative adjuvant radiation therapy. Treatment of these carcinomas adversely affects oral competence, ability to speech and deglutition, patient specific factors such as strong support system and patient independence must be considered, thus in this article we would review the morbidities-related post-operatively to the oral carcinomas.

Sobrevida de cinco anos e fatores associados ao câncer de boca para pacientes em tratamento oncológico ambulatorial pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil / Specific 5-year oral cancer survival and associated factors in cancer outpatients in the Brazilian Unified National Health System / La supervivencia a cinco años para pacientes con cáncer oral en radioterapia o quimioterapia en el Sistema Único de Salud, Brasil

O objetivo foi analisar a sobrevida específica de cinco anos e fatores associados para câncer de boca no Brasil. Trata-se de coorte retrospectiva, cuja fonte de dados foi a Base Onco, que realizou o relacionamento probabilístico-determinístico de todos os registros de autorização para radioterapia e/ou quimioterapia pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, entre 2000 e 2006, gerando-se cadastro único para cada paciente. O presente estudo incluiu os pacientes diagnosticados entre 2002 e 2003 com câncer de boca, exceto lábio, e idade entre 19 e 100 anos (N = 6.180). A taxa de sobrevida específica em cinco anos foi de 60%. Foram associados à menor sobrevida específica: ter idade > 40 anos; apresentar estádio III ou IV; localização em língua, assoalho de boca e base de língua; não realizar tratamento cirúrgico, realizar somente quimioterapia ou radioterapia e quimioterapia e residir em determinados estados do Brasil. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de incluir a avaliação das disparidades dos territórios de planejamento como possibilidade para incrementar as ações de saúde e melhorar os indicadores de sobrevida.

This study aimed to analyze the specific five-year oral cancer survival rate and associated factors in Brazil. This was a retrospective cohort study using the Oncological Database as the source, with probabilistic-deterministic linkage of all the records for authorization of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy in the Unified National Health System from 2000 to 2006, generating a single record for each patient. The current study included patients diagnosed with oral cancer from 2002 to 2003 (except for cancer of lip), and ranging from 19 to 100 years of age (N = 6,180). Specific five-year survival was 60%. Decreased specific survival was associated with: age > 40 years; stages III or IV; location on the tongue, floor of the mouth, or base of the tongue; not performing surgical treatment, performing only chemotherapy or radiotherapy and chemotherapy; and residence in certain States of Brazil. The results emphasize the need to include assessment of regional disparities as a possibility for increasing health interventions and improving survival.

El objetivo fue analizar la supervivencia específica a cinco años y los factores asociados al cáncer oral en Brasil. Se trata de una cohorte retrospectiva cuya fuente de datos fue la “Base Onco”, que reúne todos los registros de autorización para radioterapia y quimioterapia en el sistema de salud público en Brasil entre 2000 y 2006. Este estudio incluyó a pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de la boca –exceptuando el de labio– entre 2002 y 2003 y una edad entre 19 y 100 años (N = 6.180). La tasa de supervivencia específica a los cinco años fue del 60%. Se asociaron con una menor supervivencia específica factores como: edad > 40 años; estadio III o IV; la localización del tumor en la lengua, suelo de la boca y base de la lengua; no realizar una cirugía para el tratamiento del cáncer oral; realizar sólo quimioterapia o radioterapia y quimioterapia conjuntamente; además de residir en ciertos estados brasileños. La inclusión de este enfoque refuerza la necesidad de incluir la evaluación de las disparidades en estos territorios como una oportunidad para mejorar las acciones de salud.

Manifestaciones bucales de los pacientes sometidos a raioterapia en cabeza y cuello: pautas de atención odontológica / Oral manifestations of patients undergoing radiotherapy in head and neck: dental care guidelines

El cáncer de cabeza y cuello representa uno de los principales problemas oncológicos, tanto por su elevada mortalidad, como por las secuelas de su tratamiento. La radioterapia constituye una alternativa importante en el tratamiento de muchas de las lesiones que se presentan en esta región anatómica, ya sea que se utilice como único recurso o en combinación con otras modalidades terapéuticas; sin embargo, los efectos de la radiación no solo afectan a las células malignas, sino que ésta es también absorbida por los tejidos bucales y peribucales sanos, particularmente por aquellos con mayor capacidad de renovación celular. Presentándose lesiones bucales durante y después de la radiación, específicamente mucositis, xerostomía (suelen aparecer a los pocos días del inicio del tratamiento, con dosis superiores a 1500 cGy), disgeusia, ageusia, disfagia, infecciones, caries, gingivitis, periodontitis y osteoradionecrosis (dosis mayores a 5000 cGy). Estas lesiones disminuyen la calidad de vida de estos pacientes y en ocasiones pueden interferir en la continuidad de la radioterapia, poniendo en riesgo su vida. Por lo tanto es importante incluir a estos pacientes en protocolos de atención odontológica preventiva, donde se realice examen bucal individualizado que indique la necesidad de tratamiento y posteriores revisiones periódicas que refuercen las medidas preventivas adoptadas, siempre en conjunto con el oncólogo tratante. El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar una revisión de la literatura determinando las manifestaciones bucales más frecuentes que presentan este tipo de pacientes y de este modo establecer un protocolo de atención odontológica.

Head and neck cancer represents one of the major oncological problems, both for its high mortality, as for the sequelae of their treatment. Radiotherapy constitutes an important alternative in the treatment of many of the injuries that occur in this anatomic region, either is used as the only resource or in combination with other therapeutic modalities; However, the effects of the radiation not only affect malignant cells, but it is also absorbed by oral and perioral healthy tissues, particularly by those with greater capacity for cellular renewal. Presenting oral lesions during and after radiation, specifically mucositis, xerostomia (typically appear a few days after the start of treatment, with doses greater than 1500 cGy), dysgeusia, ageusia, dysphagia, infections, tooth decay, gingivitis, periodontitis and osteoradionecrosis (greater than 5000 cGy dose). These lesions decrease the quality of life of these patients and sometimes can interfere with the continuity of radiotherapy putting his life at risk. It is therefore important to include these patients in preventive dental care protocols, to make individualized oral exam that indicates the need for treatment and subsequent periodic reviews to strengthen preventive measures, always in conjunction with the treating oncologist. The objective of this research is to conduct a review of the literature by determining the most frequent oral manifestations that presents this kind of patient, and thereby establish a dental care protocol.

Is there a role of induction chemotherapy followed by resection in T4b oral cavity cancers.

Objective: The objective of the following study is to investigate the efficacy and impact of induction chemotherapy in T4b oral cavity cancers. Materials and Methods: It's a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of T4b oral cavity cancer patients who were offered induction chemotherapy and then assessed for resectability at the end of 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Post-induction these patients either underwent surgical or non-surgical local intervention depending upon their response. These patients were then followed-up until either recurrence progression or death whichever was later. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 16. Descriptive analysis was performed. Factors affecting achievement of resectability were sought by univariate and multivariate analysis. The impact of surgery on overall survival (OS) was studied using Kaplan Meier survival analysis with the use of log rank test. Results: A total of 110 patients received chemotherapy. Median age been 41.5 years (range 25-66 years). 21 (20%) of our patient received 3 drug regimen while the rest of our patients received 2 drug regimen. Partial response was achieved in 28 patients, stable disease in 49 patients and progression was noted in 23 patients. Resectability was achieved in 34 (30.9%) of 110 patients. The estimated median OS in patients who underwent surgery was 18.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.6-22.46 months) and for those treated with non-surgical treatment was 6.5 months (95% CI: 5.6-7.4 months) (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: Use of induction chemotherapy is safe and can achieve resectability in 30.9% of our T4b patients. In those patients undergoing resection have much better OS then those who underwent non-surgical local treatment.

Protocolo inferior em paciente submetido a radioterapia: relato de caso / Lower protocol in patient submitted toradiotherapy: case report

Introdução: a combinação de cirurgia e radioterapia é comum para o tratamento de tumores malignos de cabeça e de pescoço, determinando alterações teciduais, como mucosa fragilizada, xerostomia, anatomia inadequada e distúrbios miodinâmicos, dificultando as funções bucais e a reabilitação bucal convencional do paciente. Nesses casos, a instalação de próteses implantossuportadas pode ser muito útil à reabilitação desses pacientes. Esse trabalho relata o caso de um paciente submetido a alta dose de radioterapia, após o tratamento cirúrgico de um tumor maligno em assoalho de boca. Métodos: foram instalados seis implantes na região anterior de mandíbula e confeccionada uma prótese conforme o protocolo de Brånemark. Conclusão: conclui-se que implantes osseointegráveis podem ser seguramente utilizados, tomando-se alguns cuidados especiais em relação aos efeitos adversos da ressecção e radioterapia. Melhorias na mastigação, fonação e estética facilitam a reintegração social desses pacientes, minimizando seu desconforto e sofrimento, além de otimizar os resultados terapêuticos e a qualidade de vida.

Introduction: Combining surgery and radiotherapy is common to treat malignant tumors of the head andneck. Such procedure establishes tissue alterations that result in fragile mucosa, xerostomia, improper anatomicalshape and myodynamic disorders, which hinders patient’s oral function and rehabilitation. Placementof implant-supported prosthesis proves useful for rehabilitation of those patients. Objective: Thepresent study reports a case of a patient subjected to high doses of radiotherapy after surgical removal ofa malignant tumor located on the floor of the mouth. Methods: Six implants were installed in the anteriorregion of the mandible and a prosthesis was fabricated according to Brånemark’s protocol. Conclusion: It isreasonable to conclude that osseointegrated implants can be safely employed, provided that special carebe taken with regard to the adverse effects produced by resection and radiotherapy. Improvements inmastication, speech and esthetics promote patient’s social reintegration, thus minimizing discomfort andsuffering, in addition to optimizing therapeutic results and quality of life.

Oral metronomic scheduling of anticancer therapy-based treatment compared to existing standard of care in locally advanced oral squamous cell cancers: A matched-pair analysis.

CONTEXT: Head and neck cancers in developing countries present with advanced disease, compounded by poor access to tertiary care centers. AIM: We evaluated oral metronomic scheduling of anticancer therapy (MSAT) in advanced operable oral cancers, in conjunction with standard therapy. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was a retrospective matched‑pair analysis carried out in a tertiary referral cancer center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Advanced operable oral cancer patients having a waiting period for surgery > 3 weeks were administered MSAT. Patients then underwent standard therapy (surgery +/‑ adjuvant radiation/chemoradiation) as warranted by the disease, followed by MSAT maintenance therapy. Outcomes of the MSAT group were compared with stage‑matched controls with similar waiting periods. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Survivals were found using the Kaplan‑Meier method and compared between groups using the log rank test. RESULTS: Response was seen in 75% of 32 patients. Two‑year disease‑free survivals (DFS) in MSAT and control groups were 86.5 and 71.6%, respectively. Two‑year DFS in MSAT group who received at least three months of MSAT was 94.6% (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Oral MSAT is an economical, effective, and safe adjuvant therapy for oral cancers. It has the potential for preventing progression of the disease and improving DFS.

Associações entre fatores de risco e complicações bucais em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço tratados com radioterapia associada ou não à quimioterapia / Association between risk factors and oral complications in patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy combined or not with chemotherapy

Objetivo: descrever as reações adversas que ocorreram em pacientes durante a radioterapia associada ou não à quimioterapia, bem como avaliar suas possíveis associações com fatores de risco. Métodos: neste estudo longitudinal prospectivo foram examinados 28 pacientes antes, durante e após completar seis meses do término do tratamento oncológico. Os dados coletados foram idade, gênero, cor da pele, tabagismo, etilismo. Sobre o tumor, foram registrados a localização, a classificação TNM (tamanho do tumor, presença de linfonodo acometido e metástase à distância), o tipo histológico, o grau de diferenciação, o número de frações da radioterapia e o tratamento oncológico proposto. Os pacientes foram encaminhados ao Projeto de Oncologia da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e receberam adequação do meio bucal antes do tratamento oncológico. Durante a radioterapia foram coletados dados relativos à presença de mucosite, xerostomia, disfagia, ardência e candidose. Após análise descritiva dos dados, as associações entre efeitos adversos durante a radioterapia e fatores de risco foram verificadas usando os testes do Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher (p menor que 0,05). Resultados: foi encontrada maior frequência de pacientes do sexo masculino (78,6%), leucoderma (71,4%) com carcinoma de células escamosas (78,6%). A prevalência da mucosite grau I, II e III, xerostomia, disfagia, candidose e ardência foram de 10,7%; 82,2%; 7,1%; 96,4%; 53,6%; 28,6% e 57,1%, respectivamente. Associação estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada somente entre presença ou ausência de maxilares irradiados e mucosite (p=0,03). Conclusão: efeitos adversos ocorreram durante a radioterapia associada ou não à quimioterapia em pacientes com câncer em região de cabeça e pescoço. Associação significativa foi verificada entre o local de irradiação e a presença de mucosite.

Objective: This study described the adverse reactions that occurred in patients during radiotherapy combined or not with chemotherapy, and assessed their possible associations with risk factors. Method: Using a prospective cross-sectional design, 28 patients were evaluated before, during and six months after the end of cancer treatment. The following data were collected: age, gender, ethnicity, smoking and alcohol consumption. Information recorded about the tumor included primary site of tumor, TNM classification (tumor size, lymph node status and distant metastasis), histological type, differentiation grade, number of fractions of radiotherapy and oncologic treatment protocol. The patients were referred to the Oncology Project of the School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, and had their oral cavity prepared for cancer treatment. During radiotherapy, data were collected with respect to mucositis, xerostomia, dysphagia, burning sensation, and candidosis. After descriptive analysis of data, the associations between adverse effects raised during radiotherapy and risk factors were verified using the Chi-square and Fisher's Exact Test (p less than 0.05). Results: There was a predominance of male (78.6%), Caucasian (71.4%) patients with squamous cell carcinoma (78.6%). The prevalence of mucositis grades I, II, III, xerostomia, dysphagia, candida infections and burning sensation was 10.7%, 82.2%, 7.1%, 96.4%, 53.6%, 28.6% and 57.1%, respectively. A statistically significant association was found only between the presence or absence of irradiation of jaws and mucositis (p=0.03). Conclusion: Oral complications occurred during radiotherapy in combination or not with chemotherapy in patients with cancer in the head and neck region. A significant association was found between the site of irradiation and the presence of mucositis.

Plasmacytoma in the oral cavity: a case report / Plasmocitoma en la cavidad oral: reporte de caso

The plasma cell neoplasms may present in soft tissue as extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP), in bone as a solitary plasmacytoma of bone (SPB), or as part of the multifocal disseminated disease multiple myeloma (MM). The EMP is rare, comprising around 3 percent of all plasma cell neoplasm. The majority (80 percent) occurs in the head and neck region. In this study we report a case of a man, 70 years old, melanoderm, with a lesion of the oral cavity. Upon physical examination, a lesion was found that extended throughout the posterior upper alveolar ridge, as far as the maxillary tuber on the left side, extending towards the palate. Radiographic examination, complementary laboratory exams were performed. Based on the conclusive symptoms of plasmacytoma, the patient was referred to the hematology service for treatment with local radiotherapy. The patient responded satisfactorily to the treatment, and after 15 months, all clinical symptoms of the lesion in the oral cavity had disappeared.

La neoplasia de células plasmáticas se presenta en los tejidos blandos como plasmocitoma extramedular (EMP), en el hueso como plasmocitoma solitario (SPB), o como parte de una enfermedad diseminada, el mieloma múltiple (MM). El EMP es poco frecuente, manifestandose en alrededor de un 3 por ciento. Se presentan generalmente (80 por ciento) en las regiones de cabeza y cuello. En este reporte de caso, un hombre de 70 años, melanoderma, presentaba una lesion en la cavidad oral. En el examen físico se observó la lesión a lo largo de la parte posterior del reborde alveolar superior, en la tuberosidad maxilar en el lado izquierdo hacia el paladar. Se realizaron exámenes radiográficos y de laboratorio. Con base en los signos de plasmocitoma, el paciente fue referido a tratamiento con radioterapia. El tratamiento fue muy exitoso y después de 15 meses se observó que el paciente no presentaba los signos clínicos característicos de la lesión neoplásica.

Tratamiento del mucositis en pacientes pediátricos: una revisión de literatura / Oral mucositis treatment in pediatric patients: a literature revision

La mucositis es una de las complicaciones orales frecuentes en la terapia del cáncer, no obstante su tratamiento es controversial. Se ha señalado que la efectividad de algunos agentes depende de la fase de la mucositis en la que se inicia el tratamiento. El propósito de este estudio fue hacer una revisión de la literatura sobre las lesiones tenpranas eritenatosas de mucositis oral inducida por quimioterapia y/o radioterapia en pacientes pediátricos con cancer. Para tanto se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para conocer: frecuencia, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las lesiones tenpranas eritenatosas de mucositis oral en niños con cáncer. Los resultados denostraron que debido a la alta frecuencia de esta patología por ser inducida por quimioterapia en pacientes pediátricos con cáncer se cita la existencia de varios tratamientos, destacándose la utilización de la vitamina E y de laser, pudiendo ser terapias efectivas en el tratamiento de estas lesiones tenpranas de mucositis oral en pacientes pediátricos con cáncer

Mucositis is one of the frequent oral complications in the cancer therapy, however its treatment is controversial. Have been highlighted that the effectiveness of some agents depends on the mucositis development phase when the treatment is started. The purpose of this study was to do a revision on the literature regarding mucositis eritenatosas initial injuries induced by chenotherapy and/or radioteraphy in pediatric patients with cancer. A bibliographic revision was made to know: frequency, diagnosis and treatment for the oral mucositis eritenatosas initial injuries in children with cancer. The results shown that because of the high frequency of this pathology induced by chenotherapy and/or radioteraphy in pediatric patients with cancer, the existence of several treatments is highlighted, the use of vitamin E and laser stands out as an effective therapy for this oral mucositis initial injuries treatment in pediatric patients with cancer

Radioterapia na região de cabeça e pescoço e a odontologia: sequelas, prevenção e tratamentos / Head and neck radiotherapy and the dentistry: sequelea, prevention and management protocols

Segundo dados do Instituto Nacional de Câncer (Inca), a estimativa de novos casos de câncer na cavidade bucal, no ano de 2008, será de aproximadamente 14.160. A radioterapia e a cirurgia são os tratamentos mais utilizados para as neoplasias na região de cabeça e pescoço. No caso da radioterapia, alguns efeitos deletérios são de relevância para os cirurgiões-dentistas, tais como xerostomia, cárie de radiação, mucosite, osteorradionecrose, trismo, digeusia, disfagia, dentre outros. Sendo assim, reforça-se a importância de uma equipe odontológica atuando em conjunto nos centros de tratamento de câncer e o conhecimento desses profissionais a respeito do assunto. Conhecer o tratamento oncológico, prever e diagnosticar as sequelas e propor um protocolo de atendimento odontológico adequado a cada paciente é de fundamental importância.

Dental needs in brazilian patients subjected to head and neck radiotherapy

In spite of its recognized benefits in the treatment of malignant tumors, radiation therapy have several side effects in the head and neck region. The evaluation of oral conditions by a dentist is important to prevent or minimize these problems. The aim of this retrospective review was to analyze the dental needs in 357 patients who received radiotherapy in the head and neck region and were treated at Orocentro/FOP/UNICAMP, between January 1990 and December 2004. Review of patient files showed that dental examination before radiotherapy was not performed in 148 patients (41.5 percent) and was done in 209 patients (58.5 percent). From the total of examined patients, 94 (45 percent) did not require dental procedures at the moment of examination, while 115 (55 percent) presented some sort of dental need. Following the patients after the radiotherapy, it was observed that the group of patients that was evaluated before radiation presented less need of restorations, root canal filling and dental extractions than those who were not evaluated. The results of this study confirm that the evaluation of oral conditions prior to radiotherapy is essential to minimize the dental needs, emphasizing the importance of the dentist in the multidisciplinary team that treats cancer patients.

Apesar dos benefícios da radioterapia no tratamento de tumores malignos, vários são os seus efeitos colaterais na região de cabeça e pescoço. Sendo assim, a avaliação das condições bucais pelo cirurgião dentista é fundamental para prevenir e/ou minimizar estes danos. Este estudo retrospectivo teve como objetivo verificar as condições dentárias e as necessidades de tratamento odontológico dos 357 pacientes que receberam radioterapia na região de cabeça e pescoço, atendidos pelo Orocentro/ FOP/UNICAMP, no período de janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 2004. Em 148 (41,5 por cento) do total dos pacientes a avaliação odontológica não foi realizada previamente à radioterapia. A avaliação odontológica pré-radioterápica foi realizada em 209 pacientes (58,5 por cento) dos quais 94 (45 por cento) não tinham necessidades de tratamento odontológico no momento da avaliação, enquanto 115 (55 por cento) apresentavam algum tipo de necessidade odontológica. O grupo de pacientes avaliados antes da radioterapia apresentou menores necessidades de restaurações, endodontias e exodontias que os pacientes não avaliados. Conclui-se que a avaliação das condições bucais previamente à radioterapia é essencial para diminuir as necessidades de tratamento odontológico enfatizando a importância da participação do cirurgião-dentista na equipe multidisciplinar que trata pacientes com câncer.

Carcinoma cheek: regional pattern and management

Oral cancer varies globally and regionally, and is closely linked with geographical, social, economical, biological, ethnic, dietary and environmental factors. In western countries it accounts for about 2-5% while in the south-east Asia for about 40% of all cancers. In Pakistan it is second commonest tumour after bronchogenic carcinoma in males and breast carcinoma in females. The objectives of this study were to find out the pattern of carcinoma cheek in our region, its etiological associations, management and prognosis. This study was conducted in the Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Department of Civil Hospital, Karachi from April 1995 to December 1998. It was prospective study. Forty-five cases of primary carcinoma cheek were diagnosed and investigations including OPG and CT scan were carried out along with other required investigations to evaluate the extension of tumour, bony erosion and metastasis. TNM staging was done. All patients were treated surgically, sent for post-operative radiotherapy or chemoradiation and followed up for 3 years. Among 45 cases of oral cancer, 28 were females and 17 were males. Common presenting symptom was growth or ulcer. It was more common in 41-50 years of age. Squamous cell carcinoma [SCC] was found in 95.5% of the cases. Most of the patients 31[68%] were in T4 stage. Surgical excision was done in all cases with reconstruction in 23 cases and neck dissection in 39 cases. In the follow up for 3 years, 30 patient remained disease free. Carcinoma cheek is a common entity in our region and now it is seen in relatively younger patients. Oral cancer is a self preventable disease. What is required is to develop awareness of oral hygiene and discourage the habit of social carcinogens use. Early diagnosis and treatment offers better chance of cure whereas advance disease has a poor prognosis

Avaliação da sobrevida livre de doença de pacientes com recidiva loco-regional de carcinoma epidermóide de cavidade bucal e orofaringe submetidos a tratamento de resgate / Assessment of disease-free survival in patients with loco-regional recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx submitted to salvage treatment

OBJETIVO: A cirurgia de resgate é primeira opção terapêutica, principalmente nas lesões de estadio clínico inicial. O objetivo do estudo é avaliação da sobrevida livre de doença após resgate cirúrgico de tumores de cavidade bucal e orofaringe. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 276 pacientes tratados com cirurgia, sendo que 127 desenvolveram recidiva loco-regional. Noventa e sete pacientes eram de estadiamento clínico inicial e 178 de estadiamento clínico avançado. Vinte e cinco casos de lábio, 173 cavidade bucal e 78 de orofaringe. A radioterapia pós-operatória foi realizada em 121 pacientes com dose média de 60,8 Gy. RESULTADOS: Oitenta e nove pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento de resgate, sendo que 76 destes foram à cirurgia. As recidivas loco-regionais de cavidade bucal foram submetidas ao resgate cirúrgico em 65 por cento casos. A sobrevida livre de doença pós-cirurgia de resgate foi de 13 por cento nas recidivas até seis meses e 48 por cento nas recidivas após 12 meses de seguimento (p=0,0009). O tipo de resgate e o intervalo livre de doença foram fatores independentes de sobrevida na análise multivariada. CONCLUSÃO: A sobrevida livre de doença pós-resgate nos estadios clínicos iniciais (I e II) foi de 70 por cento.

OBJECTIVE: Salvage surgery is the first therapeutic option for recurrent tumors of the mouth and oropharynx, mainly in early stage tumors. This study intends to evaluate the disease free survival interval after salvage treatment for recurrent tumors of the mouth and oropharynx. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 276 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth and oropharynx treated with surgery. One hundred and twenty seven patients developed loco-regional recurrence. Ninety-seven were staged as early tumors and 178 as advanced ones. The tumor site was the lip in 25 cases, oral cavity in 173 and oropharynx in 78. Postoperative radiotherapy was indicated in 121 cases with a mean dose of 60.8Gy. RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients underwent salvage treatment (surgery in 76 patients). Loco-regional recurrences were treated with salvage surgery in 65 percent of cases. Disease free survival after salvage surgery was 13 percent in cases with recurrences diagnosed up to 6 months and 48 percent in those who recurred after 12 months of follow-up (p=0.0009). Modality of salvage treatment and the disease free interval were independent variables of survival in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: In cases clinically staged as I and II, the disease free survival in five years after salvage treatment was 70 percent.

Esvaziamento cervical supraomoióideo estendido em câncer oral N0 e N1 / Extended supraomohyoid neck dissection in N0 and N1 oral cancer

Introdução: o tratamento do pescoço no carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) de língua oral e soalho de boca sem metástase detectadas clinicamente permance controverso. Objetivo: analisar o resultado após esvaziamento cervical supraomo-hióideo(ECSOH) estendido ao nível IV. Método: analisamos, restrospectivamente, 40 pacientes com estadiamento cl[inico NO e N1 de 1996 a 2002. Havia 29 homenzs e 11 mulheres, cujas idades variaram de 46 a 83 anos (mediana, 63). Foram estadiados como T1 (2), T2(24), T3(13) e T4(1). Todos foram submetidos a ECSOH estendido ao nível IV. Resultados: dentre os 34 pacientes estadiados como N0, os achados histológicos foram confirmados em 29 (85,3%), enquanto que cinco foram estadiados como pN positivo. Assim, havia seis pacientes pN1 e cinco pN2a. Dos seis pacientes estadiados clinicamente como N positivo, não houve falso-positivos. Todos os pacientes com linfonodos positivos foram tratados com radioterapia adjuvante. Recidiva cervical ocorreu em 6,9% dos pacientes N) (2/29), 28,6% pN1(2/7) e 50% dos pN2a (2/4). Foram encontradas metástases ocultas em cadeia IV em dois casos (5%) entre aqueles estadiados como pN2a e nenhuma metástase em cadeia V. Tdoas as recidivas ocorreram nos níveis II e III. Conclusão: uma taxa de 14,7% dos pacientes estadiados como N) clinicamente apresentaram metástases ocultas. Todas as metástases pN1 ocorreram nso níveis I ou II. Cinco por cento dos pN2a apresentaram metástases ocultas em cadeia IV. Recidiva cervical ocorreu em 6,9% dos pacientes pN), 28,6% dos pN1 e 50% dos pN2a. Todas as recidivas ocorreram nos níveis I e II.

Introduction: the neck treatment in the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral tongue and floor of the mouth without clinical metastasis remains controversial. Objective: to analyze the outcomeafter supraomohyoid neck dissection (SOHND) extended for level IV for those patients. Methods: we retrospectively analyzed 40 patients with clinically N0 and N1 stage SCC from 1996 to 2002. There were 29 men and 11 women whose ages varied from 46 to 82 (median, 63). They were staged as T1(2), T2(24), T3(13), and T4(1). They underwnt SOHND extended for level IV. Results: camong the 34 patients staged as N0, the histologic findings confirmed that in 29 (85.3%), whereas 5 were staged as pN positive. Thus, there were 6 patients staged a pN1 and 5 patients were pN2a. Among the 6 patients staged as clinical N positive, there was no false-positive case. All patients with node positivity received adjuvant radiation therapy. Neck failure occurred in 6.9% of the pN0 patients (2/29), 28.6% of the pN1 patients (2/7), and 50% of the pN2a group (2/4). Occult metastasis in level IV occurred in 2 cases (5%) among those sateged as pN2a and no one had it at leval V. All recurrences occurred in levels II and III. Conclusion: a rate of14.7% of patients clinically staged as N0 necks showed occult metastasis. All the pN1 metastasis occurred in level I or II. Occult metastasis in level IV occurred in 5% of the pN2a cases. Neck failure occurred in 6.9% of the pNO patients, 28.6% of the pN1 patients, and 50% of the pN2a. All recurrences occurred in levels II and III.

Associação de marcadores de proliferação e de apoptose com a resposta à radioterapia e sua importância prognóstica em carcinoma epidermóide de palato mole / Proliferation and apoptosis markers in association with radiotherapy response and their prognostic in squamous cell carcinoma of soft palate

Carcinoma epidermóide de palato mole (CECPM) é raro e a radioterapia exclusiva é freqüentemente utilizada no tratamento para evitar as seqüelas do tratamento cirúrgico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a função de alguns marcadores tumorais na avaliação da resposta à radioterapia em portadores de CECPM. Foram revisados os registros de 73 pacientes com CECPM tratados entre 1970 a 2000 com radioterapia exclusiva. A média de idade foi de 60 anos e a grande maioria dos pacientes eram homens, usuários de tabaco e álcool e apresentavam tumores em estádios avançados. Não foi observada relação entre a expressão de p53, Ki-67, Bcl-2 e Bax e os fatores demográficos, clínicos e histológicos. A sobrevida atuarial em 5 anos foi de 27,1 por cento e mostrou que pacientes com estádios clínicos iniciais tiveram melhor prognóstico.

Soft palate squamous cell carcinoma (SPSCC) is rare, and radiotherapy is the most used therapy aiming to avoid the functional sequelae of surgical ablation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of several biologic tumor markers in the assessment of response to radiotherapy in SPSCC. The medical records of 73 patients with SPSCC treated from 1970 to 2000 with radiotherapy alone were reviewed. The mean age was 60 years and the majority was male, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and advanced stage tumors. No relationship was observed between immunostaining for p53, Ki-67, Bcl-2 and Bax to demographic, clinical and histological factors. The five-year actuarial survival, was 27,1 per cent and showed that patients with earlier stage tumors had a better prognosis.

Comportamiento clínico y epidemiológico del cáncer de cavidad oral / Clinical and epidemiologic behavior of oral cancer

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el Hospital Oncológico Provincial Docente María Curie para caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente el cáncer de la cavidad bucal desde el año 1999 hasta el 2004. Se estudiaron 79 pacientes de un universo de 285 y se excluyeron 206 pacientes con cáncer del labio. Se analizaron las variables grupos de edades, sexo, factores de riesgo, manifestaciones clínicas, localización anatómica, tipo histológico, forma clínica, estadio clínico y modalidad terapéutica. El procesamiento estadístico se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva, tablas de contingencia y gráficos; como medida de resumen se utilizó el porcentaje y el test de proporción. Predominó la enfermedad en pacientes de 70-79 años con 24 (30,38 por ciento), y el sexo masculino, con 59 pacientes (74,68 por ciento). El tabaquismo se detectó en 38 de estos (48,10 por ciento), de los cuales 35 (44,30 por ciento) refirieron dolor como principal síntoma. El carcinoma epidermoide fue la variedad histológica más frecuente (76, para el 96,20 por ciento). Su localización prevaleció en la lengua (24 casos, para el 30,38 por ciento). El diagnóstico frecuentemente se realizó en un estadio III (en 42 pacientes, para el 53,16 por ciento) y predominó la forma clínica mixta (38 para el 48,10 por ciento). La radioterapia fue el tratamiento más utilizado en sus diferentes variantes con 64 casos (81,0 por ciento)

A descriptive study was conducted in "Maria Curie" Oncological Provincial Teaching Hospital in order to characterize oral cancer from the clinical and epidemiologic point of view between 1999 and 2004. 79 patients of a total of 285 were studied and 206 with lip cancer were excluded. Variables such as age groups, sex, risk factors, clinical manifestations, anatomical localization, histological type, clinical form, clinical stage and therapeutical modality were analyzed. The statistical processing was carried out by descriptive statistics, contingency tables and graphs. Percentage and proportion test were used as a summary measure. The disease predominated in patients aged 70-79, with 24 (30.38 percent), and in males, with 59 patients (74.68 percent). Smoking was detected in 38 of them (48.10 percent), of whom 35 (44.30) referred to pain as the main symptom. The epidermoid carcinoma was the most frequent histological variety (76, accounting for 96.20 percent). Its localization prevailed in the tongue (24 cases, 30.38 percent). The diagnosis was commonly made in stage III (42 patients, 53.16 percent), and the mixed clinical form predominated (38, 48.10 percent). Radiotherapy was the most used treatment in its different variants with 64 cases (81.0 percent)(AU)